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In addition to its classical and literary form, Malay has various regional dialects established before the rise of the Malaccan Sultanate. But beyond these, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the Malay archipelago as far as the Philippines. This contact resulted in a lingua franca that was called ''Bazaar Malay'' or ''low Malay''. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Chinese, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One that possessives were formed with ''punya'' 'its owner'; another that plural pronouns were formed with ''orang'' 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were ''tər-'' and ''bər-''. Other features: *''Ada'' became a progressive particle. *Reduced forms of ''ini'' 'this' and ''itu'' 'that' before a noun became determiners. *The verb ''pərgi'' 'go' was reduced, and became a preposition 'towards'. *Causative constructions were formed with ''kasi'' or ''bəri'' 'to give' or ''bikin'' or ''buat'' 'to make'. *A single preposition, often ''sama'', was used for multiple functions, including direct and indirect object.〔Wurm, Mühlhäusler, & Tryon, ''Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas'', 1996:673''ff''.〕 For example,〔(MALAY DIALECT RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA: THE ISSUE OF PERSPECTIVE1. )〕 * ''Rumah-ku'' 'my house' becomes ''Saya punya rumah'' * ''Saya pukul dia'' 'I hit him' becomes ''Saya kasi pukul dia'' * ''Megat dipukul Robert'' 'Megat is hit by Robert' becomes ''Megat dipukul dek Robert'' Bazaar Malay is still used to a limited extent in Singapore and Malaysia. The most important consequence, however, has been that pidgin Malay creolized, creating several new languages. ==Baba Malay== Baba Malay or Peranakan Malay, once a diverse group of pidgins, is spoken in Malaysia but is now almost extinct. These are Malay varieties spoken by the Peranakan, Chinese descendants who live in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia since the 15th Century.〔(Baba Malay of Malacca. )〕 Baba Malay is close to the trade pidgins which became creolized across the Malay Archipelago, producing the variety of Malay creoles seen today. A kind of Baba Malay, called Peranakan, is spoken among Chinese living in East Java. It is a mixture of Malay or Indonesian with local Javanese (East Javanese dialect) and Chinese elements (particularly Hokkien). This particular variety is found only in East Java, especially in Surabaya and surrounding areas. While other Chinese tend to speak the language varieties of the places in which they live (the Chinese of Central Java speak High or Standard Javanese in daily conversation even among themselves; in West Java, they tend to speak Sundanese), in Surabaya younger ethnic Chinese people tend to speak pure Javanese (Surabaya dialect) and learn Mandarin in courses. Example (Spoken in Surabaya): * ''Lu bo' gitu!'' : Don't act that way! * ''Yak apa kabarnya si Eli?'' : How's Eli? * ''Nti' kamu pigio ambek cecemu ae ya.'' : Go with your sister, okay? * ''Nih, makanen sa'adae.'' : Please have a meal! * ''Kamu cari'en bukune koko ndhek rumae Ling Ling.'' : Search your brother's book in Ling Ling's house. Example (Spoken in Melaka-Singapore):〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BABA / PERANAKAN MALAY )〕 * ''Dia suka datang sini sembang.'' : He likes to come here and gossip. * ''Keliap-keliap, dia naik angin.'' : Slightly provoked, he gets angry. * ''Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.'' : I waited for him till I got angry. * ''Oo-wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.'' : Wow! Today he dresses stylishly! 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malay trade and creole languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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